COR603A.WP5 WISCONSIN LONGITUDINAL STUDY OCCUPATION-INDUSTRY CODING HANDBOOK* 1974-1975 *This handbook was written by Robert M. Hauser, Linda Sheehy, Taissa S. Hauser, Debbie Netkin and Jim Grant. TABLE OF CONTENTS - COR603A.WP5 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CODING TASK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 TRAINING OF CODERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CODING PROCESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SPECIAL CODING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ALLOCATION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CODING JOB ASPIRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ARMED FORCES RANKS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 **************************************************************************** The following are NOT included in the machine-readable file: FIGURE 1 : THE FLOW OF INTERVIEWS THROUGH THE 1975 OCCUPATION-INDUSTRY PRECODING PROCESS TABLE 1 : TABLE 8, PAGE 284 FROM OCCUPATION BY INDUSTRY MANUAL APPENDIX A : INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR WISCONSIN SCHOOL STUDY APPENDIX B : A MANUAL FOR CODING SURVEY INFORMATION ABOUT OCCUPATIONS. See The Process of Stratification: Trends and Analyses by Robert M. Hauser and David L. Featherman, NY: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 59-80. APPENDIX C : OCCUPATION-INDUSTRY CODING PROBLEMS APPENDIX D : MEMORANDUM TO INTERVIEWERS APPENDIX E : PRECODE FORMS INTRODUCTION The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study includes extensive and detailed occupation-industry information. This handbook is a summary of the procedures for collecting, editing, and coding these data. It is intended as a guide to users of the Wisconsin panel data, and it may prove helpful to other researchers who collect and code occupation-industry data. After a brief discussion of the coding task, training of the coding staff and the coding process will be outlined. The last sections will deal with special coding procedures, procedures for allocating occupations and industries, and procedures for coding job aspiration and expectation questions. The following is a list of abbreviations used in this document: ind . - industry c/w - class of worker n.s. - not specified n.e.c.- not elsewhere classified mfg. - manufacturing whsl. - wholesale ret. - retail ext. - extraction const.- construction d.k. - don't know CODING TASK In 1975 telephone interviews were conducted with almost 10,000 persons who were seniors in Wisconsin high schools in 1957. Each respondent was asked about his/her current and past jobs and about the jobs of certain family members (see Figure 1 and Appendix A). The questions about each job were, in most instances, the following: A. What kind of work (were you, was he/she) doing? (For example: electrical engineer, stock clerk, farmer) B. What were (your, his/her) most important activities or duties? (For example: kept account books, filed, sold cars, operated printing presses, finished concrete) C. What kind of business or industry was this? (For example: TV and radio mfg., retail shoe store, state labor dept., farm) D. Was this mainly manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, or something else? E. (Were you, was he/she)-- -- an employee of a private company, business or individual for wages, salary, or commission? -- a government employee (Federal, State, County, or local government)? -- self-employed in own business, professional practice, or farm? -- own business, not incorporated -- own business, incorporated -- working without pay in a family business or farm? Items A and B determined the respondent's occupation, C and D his/her industry, and E the class of worker. In some instances when it was expected that the respondent would be able to respond adequately with little prompting, the industry probe (item D) was not used. Moreover, in questions about job aspirations of the respondent for himself and a randomly chosen child, an abbreviated series of occupation, industry, and class of worker questions was used. The special procedures used in coding aspirations are described on pages 21 to 27. The task was to assign to each "job" (or "occupation industry") entry a seven-digit code consisting of a three-digit industry code, a three-digit occupation code, and a one-digit class of worker code, in that order. Exceptions to this procedure occurred for those industries and occupations widely represented in the population. These were assigned single letter codes, corresponding to three-digit numerical codes. Occupation and industry codes were assigned according to U.S. Census specifications, while the following one-digit codes were used for class of worker: l-private company, business or individual for wages, salary, or commission 2-government employee (federal, state, or local government) 3-own business or professional practice, incorporated 4-own business or professional practice, not incorporated 5-working without pay in a family business or farm All codes were recorded in the interview schedule in the seven-space coding slots underneath the question of interest. Typical coded entries were as follows: 7 1 7 / 2 6 5 / 1 0 6 8 / _ _ V / _ _ _ G / 3 1 0 / 3 _ _ A / _ _ W / 4 TRAINING OF CODERS The initial task was self-training of the five members of the project, as well as two persons hired as supervisors for the day-to-day coding operation, in occupation-industry coding. The goal was three-fold: to become proficient in coding so as to adequately train and guide the coding staff throughout the duration of the project, to calculate the average coding rate which would determine the number of coders hired, and to arrive at a set of correctly coded job entries to be used in training the coding staff. After studying Manual for Coding Occupations and Industries into Detailed 1970 Categories and a Listing of 1970-Basis Duncan Socioeconomic and NORC Prestige Scores prepared by David L. Featherman, Michael Sobel and David L. Dickens (see Appendix B), the introductions to the Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations (Alpha Index) and the Classified Index of Industries and Occupations (Classified Index) prepared by the U.S.Bureau of the Census for the 1970 Census of Population, and the introduction to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles prepared by the U.S. Department of Labor, a series of coding exercises was completed. Since job information collected in other surveys was used for the exercises, consensus established the best codes Łor each entry. The opinions of two persons knowledgeable about the occupation-industry classification system used by the U.S. Census Bureau were valuable in this learning process. The number of persons hired to code was based on an expected average coding rate of 15 seven-digit codes per hour per person, and an expected average of nine job entries per interview. (This latter estimate was based on pretest interview information.) The initial training session involved a discussion of the project in general and of the information contained in the coding manual and in the three coding documents. All coders then completed four sets of coding exercises over a period of about three weeks. (The 99 coding problems used for these exercises, as well as the answers to the problems, can be found in Appendix C.) After each assignment the coding staff met in small groups with members of the project staff to discuss the answers. These sessions were very worthwhile in establishing our coding procedures. Once all were trained in coding, several persons were selected for specialized coding tasks. One was selected to code the aspiration questions. Since responses to these questions were of a different nature than responses to other job questions, this coder coded only aspiration questions. Another coder was trained to allocate, a procedure for determining the best code when either too much or too little job information suggested more than one possible code. (This procedure is discussed in detail on pages 15 to 20.) Finally, one coder was selected to do a daily reliability check on the items coded by the regular coding staff. This was important in helping to insure the continued accuracy of coding. Every twentieth completed interview (5O% of the total) was selected and given directly to the reliability coder. He marked an "X" on each of these interviews and then coded every job entry. All codes were entered on separate code sheets. The interviews were then sent through the regular coding channels. Finally, all interviews marked with an "X" were returned to the reliability coder who compared his answers with those of the coders. Discrepancies were resolved between the reliability coder and the person who had coded the question, often with the help of the supervisor. The number of coder errors was then used to calculate the reliability. The daily reliability was calculated by multiplying the ratio of correctly coded entries to total entries by 100. The overall reliability rate at the full seven digit level for the entire coding operation was 91.5%. Although the success of the coding operation depended primarily on the quality of the coder training and on coders' continued efforts to code accurately, it also depended on the quality of the information elicited by the interviewers. To help insure this, interviewers were trained in occupation-industry coding and were informed of coding problems which they could help prevent (see Appendix D). It was apparent that this exposure to coding procedures helped the interviewers evaluate the sufficiency of respondents' answers. CODING PROCESS The objective underlying the organization of the coding operation* was that all job entries in each interview be coded independently so as to avoid bias (i.e., the tendency to select a code for one job entry because of knowledge about other job entries.) This meant that whenever a coder dealt with a particular interview, he could not code more than one job description in that interview at that time. However, if the coder dealt with that same interview at a later time, he was permitted to code an additional job description. (Exceptions were the question 125 series and the aspiration questions, each of which were coded by one coder.) Interviewers, however, were permitted (and encouraged) to cross-reference job descriptions within an interview when they had ascertained that two or more entries referred to the same job. To meet the objective of independent coding, interviews were coded according to a flow system. Shelf space was allotted for each job description and labelled with the question numbers. All incoming interviews were placed in the first slot on the shelves i.e., that representing the first job description in the interviews (question 11, respondent's first job). A coder would code the first entry in each interview and place the schedule in the next slot (question 18, 1970 job), and another coder coded the second job entry. This process continued until all occupation questions in each interview were coded. The following paragraphs and Figure 1 describe the coding process in detail. *In this handbook the term "precode" is used interchangeably with the term "code". Because all job entries in each interview were coded before any of the other questions were dealt with, the term "precode" distinguished the occupation-industry coding from the general coding in the overall coding process. As they arrived from the field, completed interviews were checked in by recording the date of arrival in a book containing the identification numbers of all persons in the sample. Every twentieth interview was given to the reliability coder. The other interviews were placed in the slot allotted for question 11. Each time a coder took interviews from a particular slot, he coded the designated job description in each interview and put the appropriate symbol and his initials in the precode status column of the precode checklist attached to the cover of each interview (see Appendix E). The initials were useful when it was 'necessary to consult the coder at a later time. The symbols indicated the coding status of a particular job entry. When the entire entry was codeable the coder placed an "X" in the precode status box. When there was no response to the occupation question, the coder entered the symbol for inapplicable ("=") in this box. When a coder encountered a problem, he marked an "0" in this box. This symbol indicated that a particular entry needed to be reviewed by a supervisor. Thus after the interview was completely coded, it was placed in the supervisor's box along with a precode problem slip (see Appendix E) describing the problem. Most coding problems occurred when too much or too little information rendered an entry uncodeable. Depending on the entry in question, these problems were dealt with in one of two ways. If the job entry pertained to the respondent or his/her spouse (11-first job; 18-1970 job; 28-current or last job; 57-1974 job; 102-spouse's job; 125-jobs in marriage and birth intervals; 128-job since marriage/last birth), the interview was returned to the field for further clarification unless the interviewer had clearly indicated that the respondent was unable to give more specific information. When a coder felt that an interview should be returned to the field, he filled out a precode problem slip describing the problem for the interviewer. If the supervisor agreed that a question should be returned to the field, he placed a check mark in the "back to field" column on the precode checklist. An interview was never permitted to go back to the field for clarification of the class of worker code. The supervisor always made the final decision on this type of problem. All other problem entries were allocated. In addition, entries which were still uncodeable after having been returned to the field were allocated. For these cases, the coder filled out a precode problem slip listing all possible codes for the supervisor who then made the final decision as to whether the entry needed to be allocated. If the decision was to allocate, the supervisor wrote "allocate" on the appropriate line on the precode checklist. The exceptions to this procedure were the aspiration questions which were sent directly to the person responsible for aspiration allocations. When problem cases were finally coded, an "X" was placed in the final status column of the precode checklist. When the last question in an interview was coded, a coder would review the precode checklist to see if the interview should be placed in the "problems for supervisor" box, the "aspiration allocation" box, or the "completely coded interviews" box. The supervisor reviewed all completely coded interviews to assure that all codeable entries had been coded. All of the 5% reliability check interviews were retrieved for the comparison and for the reliability calculation. Finally, the completion date of precoding of each interview was recorded in the ID book, and the interviews were sent to the staff responsible for coding the remaining questions. SPECIAL CODING PROCEDURES Although the manual for coding occupations and industries and the introductions to the Alpha Index and the Classified Index provide detailed information on occupation-industry coding, it was necessary to supplement this information with additional coding procedures or special codes. These procedures are discussed in the following paragraphs: GENERAL ------A response of "don't know" to questions about industry or occupation received a code of 997. A "don't know" response for class of worker was coded 7. ------A response such as "I don't know, some sort of factory" was considered to be a codeable response rather than a 997 ("don't know"). For example, an unspecified factory was coded 398 (n.s. manufacturing industries). ------A code of 999 (for industry or occupation) or 9 (for class of worker) was assigned in either of two instances: when the respondent's answer was inadequate for coding or when a question was left unanswered. ------The Industrial Classification System and the Occupational Classification System, located in the front of both the Alpha Index and the Classified Index, were helpful in the coding process. Within these classification systems the major industrial groups or major occupational groups comprise the main headings. Listed beneath these group headings are all industrial or occupational subgroups as well as the three-digit code for each subgroup. For example, one major industrial group is AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, and FISHERIES, while the subgroups are given as Agricultural production, Agricultural services except horticultural, Horticultural services, Forestry, and Fisheries. These classification systems can be thought of as summaries of the information contained in the Alpha Index and Classified Index. Both indexes list all industry or occupation titles which comprise each subgroup and which therefore have the same three-digit code as a given subgroup. The difference between these two indexes is that specific industries or occupations are listed by subgroup in the Classified Index while they are listed in alphabetical order in the Alpha Index. Because of this correspondence, the classification systems were helpful in the coding process. Sometimes a coder could not find a specific industry or occupation listed in the Alpha Index. This occurred when a coder didn't look up the correct industry or occupation title or when that particular industry or occupation was simply not listed in the index. To obtain a code, the coder referred to the appropriate classification system to see whether there was a subgroup which might encompass the specific industry or occupation title. If he found such a subgroup, he then referred to the Classified Index to see whether a specific listing within that subgroup might be the specific title for which he was looking. If he found no such title, he assigned the code representing that subgroup which had specific listings most similar to the interview entry. Here is an example. The industry entry in the interview was "sell ball bearings for machines", and the "wholesale" box was checked. When the coder looked up "ball bearings" in the Alpha Index, he found only "ball bearings (mfg)". The coder then referred to the major industrial group WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE in the Industrial Classification System to see whether any of the wholesale subgroups might have something to do with the sale of ball bearings. Three possibilities were "motor vehicles and equipment" (code 507), "hardware, plumbing, and heating supplies" (code 537), and "machinery equipment and supplies" (code 539). To determine whether any of these codes was correct, the coder then referred to the Classified Index. Under industry subgroup "machinery equipment and supplies" he found the listing "bearings, metal (whsl)". Code 539 was, therefore, the correct code. Had the coder not found a ball bearing listing, code 539 (or one of the other codes) might have been selected on the basis of the similarity between the interview entry and the titles in the Classified Index. If none of these wholesale categories had been appropriate, the coder could assign code 587 for "wholesalers, n.e.c." The classification systems were also helpful in determining the correct code when two identical or very similar Alpha listings had different codes. Here is an example from an aspiration question. A mother stated that she wanted her daughter to be a singer. In the Alpha Index there are two listings of "singer"--one with code 694 and the other with code 185. By referring to the Occupational Classification System the coder found that code 694 represented "miscellaneous operatives", while code 185 represented "musicians and composers". Clearly the latter code (185) Here is another example. A respondent said she was a "soda fountain clerk in an ice cream shop". The "retail" box was checked. When the coder attempted to code the industry, he found two similar entries in the Alpha: "ice cream parlor" with a code of G, and "ice cream (ret)" with a code of 629. It was not clear which code was correct. Referring to the WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE GROUP in the Industrial Classification System, the coder found that code G represented "eating and drinking places" while code 629 represented "dairy products stores". Code G was selected on the basis of the occupational and industrial information given by the respondent. ------When a specified wholesale or retail product did not fall within any of the wholesale or retail subgroups listed in the Industrial Classification System, the industry entry was assigned the code 587 (wholesalers, n.e.c.) or 697 (miscellaneous retail stores). The codes 588 and 698, which represent "not specified wholesale/retail trade", were assigned when no product was specified. ------A coder could not use his empirical knowledge to code an unspecific occupation or industry entry. For example, even if he was familiar with what the 3-M Company manufactured and he knew that the information in a given industry entry was not complete, he had to deal with the information exactly as it was given. This way, consistency was maintained when coders dealt with industries or occupations familiar to them. INDUSTRY ------Sometimes a respondent worked for a large firm or corporation with several divisions. In such cases, the industry code representing the division in which the respondent worked was assigned. For example, if a respondent worked in the tractor division of a company that manufactured tractors and snowmobiles, the industry was coded as "tractors (mfg)". An exception to this rule occurred when a respondent was a cook in the cafeteria of a foundry. The industry was assigned the code for foundry, not cafeteria. ------Interview industry entries of "gasoline motors" or "lawnmower motors" were dealt with in one of two ways. Sometimes these responses were allocated over all codes listed for motors in the Alpha Index since there is no specific listing for "gasoline motors", "lawnmower motors", or "motors, n.s.". Another option was to assign code 177 for "engines, n.s." since by definition engines are gasoline -run units. The choice of alternative depended on other information in the job entry. ------The Alpha Index has listings for "public utility telephone company" (447) and "telephone company" (448). An interview industry entry of "telephone company" was assigned code 448. ------An industry entry of "nuclear power plant" was coded 467 (electric light and power). ------Industry entries of "quality control" were coded according to what was controlled. ------An industry entry of "farmer's co-op" was assigned code 528 (farm products-raw materials, whsl). ------The correct coding for an industry entry of "aerospace" depended on the project contracted by the government. The three possibilities were 207 (radio, T.V., and communication equipment), 227 (aircraft and parts), and 258 (ordnance). OCCUPATION ------All occupation entries were coded regardless of the respondent's salary or the number of hours he/she worked. ------When a respondent mentioned more than one occupation in a particular job description, the interviewer underlined that occupation at which the respondent spent the greatest number of hours or which was most important to him. The underlined occupation was the one coded. ------Although the questions, "What kind of work (were you, was he/she) doing?" and "What were (your, his/her) most important activities or duties?" both elicited information about occupation, the first was intended to elicit an occupational title. In most cases it was this title which was coded. Exceptions occurred when there was a discrepancy between the occupational title and the activities and duties. These problems were dealt with in one of two ways. Either the response to the activities and duties question was coded or the allocator allocated over codes representing both the occupational title and the activities and duties. An example of the first procedure is the following. A respondent stated that his occupation was "sanitation engineer" and his duties were "janitorial". This entry was assigned the occupation code for "janitor" since it was assumed that this is the respondent's true occupation. (Frequently respondents inflated their occupational titles.) The latter approach was taken when, for example, a respondent gave "waitress" as her occupational title and "waiting on tables, cashier, hostess" as her duties. The code for occupation was obtained by allocating over the codes for waitress, cashier, and hostess. ------When a respondent said he was a "clerical worker" and gave "typing and filing" as his duties, his occupation was assigned code 395 (clerical worker). If, however, he stated his duties in noun form, (e.g., "typist" or "receptionist") the duties entry was coded. ------Frequently the owner of a business would specify "owner" as his occupational title. In these cases, the coder referred to the activities and duties response to determine whether the respondent's tasks were primarily managerial (in which case he was given the occupation code for "owner") or nonmanagerial (in which case he was given the occupation code corresponding to these tasks). In cases of uncertainty, the code corresponding to the nonmanagerial duties was assigned. ------Occasionally an occupation entry was "teacher, grades 1 through 12". The Alpha Index lists codes of N (elementary school teachers) and 144 (secondary school teachers) depending on whether grades 1 through 8 or grades 9 through 12 were taught. The entry was coded 144 if the subject taught was specified and N when no subject was specified. ------Since the Alpha Index lists codes for civilian labor force occupation only, codes for Armed Forces occupations had to be devised. They were: AFC (Armed Forces, commissioned officer), AFN (Armed Forces, non-commissioned officer), AFE (Armed Forces, enlisted man) and AFX (Armed Forces, no information on rank), (see Armed Forces Ranks). If a respondent specified a civilian job in addition to his rank in the Armed Forces, the Armed Forces code was assigned. All Armed Forces codes were preceded by an industry code of L (Federal Public Administration). ------An occupation entry of "factory worker" was usually coded 785 ("not specified laborers"). However, if the respondent's answer suggested that he operated a machine in a factory, the occupation was coded 695 ("factory worker, n.s." in the subgroup "not specified operatives"). ------If a respondent stated that he was a machinist, and he specified type of machine he operated, the occupation was assigned the code for machine operator according to the type of machine. If the respondent did not specify the type of machine he operated, the occupation was assigned either code 461 or 481 depending on the industry. CLASS OF WORKER ------Occasionally the class of worker was not ascertained by the interviewer or the respondent did not know the class of worker. When the class of worker was evident to the coder, the appropriate code was assigned (with the consent of the supervisor); otherwise, a 9 was assigned. ------An important distinction in coding the class of worker was that between partnerships and corporations. A partnership is "a voluntary contract between two or more competent persons to place their finances or investments in lawful commerce or business with the understanding that there is proportional sharing of profits and losses between them." A corporation is "an organization formed under a state statute for the purposes of carrying on an enterprise in such a way as to make the enterprise distinct and separate from the persons who are interested in it and who control it." Thus, a partnership cannot be incorporated. ------When a respondent was unable to specify whether his own business was incorporated, class of worker was coded 4 (own business, not incorporated). ALLOCATION PROCEDURES Allocation procedures were required when respondents gave either too much or too little information about an industry and/or an occupation. In such cases, the coder was unable to assign a specific seven-digit code for one of the following reasons: 1) there was more than one valid code for the industry, 2) there was more than one valid code for the occupation, or 3) there was more than one valid code for both the industry and the occupation. In the majority of the cases, the industry response was the entry which needed to be allocated. As might be expected, allocation procedures were often required when the respondent was unable to give information about jobs other than his own, especially his parents' occupations and his spouse's father's occupation from which he was a generation removed. Sometimes, however, interviewers failed to probe for the necessary additional information which would render a response codeable. Finally, respondents sometimes gave an overabundance of information. ALLOCATION PRECHECK If a coder felt that a job response needed to be allocated, he filled out a precode problem slip listing all possible industry and/or occupation codes. When he was able to code either the industry or the occupation, he indicated the code he had chosen and the corresponding industry or occupation title from the Alpha Index. He also placed an "O" in the appropriate box in the precode status column of the precode checklist. The supervisor then reviewed the precode problem slip and attempted to find one appropriate code for the entry designated for allocation. If he could not code the entry, the supervisor had two options. If he felt that a more specific job description could be obtained, he could return the interview to the field. In all other cases, he submitted the question for allocation by writing "Allocate" next to the "O" and placing the interview on the shelf reserved for allocations. The allocator followed the same procedure as the coder and supervisor. First, he checked the industry and/or occupation description against the possible codes listed on the precode problem slip to determine whether the question could be coded. If the entry could not be coded, the allocator decided whether to return the interview to the field. If these alternatives did not result in a code for the industry and/or occupation, the allocator reviewed the coder's list of possible codes, checking them against the Alpha Index to assure that all possible codes were listed and that none were listed which did not apply. If either the industry or occupation was coded, he also checked to make certain that he agreed with that code. Anytime the allocator encountered a discrepancy between the coder's code(s) and his own, he conferred with the supervisor to insure against a misrepresentation of the job entry. THE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE On the back of the precode problem slip the allocator constructed a table of all possible codes for the industry and/or occupation. He listed the possible industry codes in numerical order across the top of the table and the possible occupation codes in numerical order down the side, as shown below. 178 179 364 391 (If either the industry entry or the occupation entry was codeable, the appropriate code appeared as the only industry or occupation label.) The allocator then referred to Table 8 in the 1970 Census of Population: Occupation by Industry manual. (See Table 1 for a reprint of page 284 from Table 8.) Table 8 is a three-way table of industry by occupation by sex which shows the frequency of employed persons based on a twenty percent sample of the U.S. civilian labor force. The industry and occupation labels in Table 8 are the same as the categories listed in the Industrial Classification System and the Occupational Classification System which appear on pages vii through ix and x through xiv, respectively, in the Alpha Index. Since Table 8 does not list the codes for the industry and occupation categories, these classification systems (which do list the codes) were used in conjunction with Table 8 for all allocations. The allocator first referred to the classification systems to find out which industry and occupation categories corresponded to the three digit codes in his allocation table. Then, by finding the intersection of each possible industry with each possible occupation in the appropriate sex category in Table 8, he was able to fill in the cell frequencies in his table.** Finally, the industry and/or occupation code(s) which represented the cell with the highest frequency was/were then selected as the code(s) with the highest probability of being the correct code(s) for the particular job entry. The allocator also circled the industry and/or occupation code(s) which was/were assigned, and saved the precode problem slips and allocation tables so that they could be referenced in the future. During the precoding operation a system for distinguishing allocated codes from nonallocated codes was not employed. The following one digit codes were subsequently added to permit this differentiation: (0) if the entire seven-digit entry was coded according to standard procedures, (1) if the industry entry was allocated, (2) if the occupation entry was allocated, and (3) if both the industry entry and the occupation entry were allocated. **The appropriate sex category is always determined by the sex of the job holder. EXAMPLE Using the example codes given above, possible industry categories are "Farm machinery and equipment" (178) and "Construction and material handling machines" (179) while the possible occupation categories are "Receptionist" (364) and "Typist" (391). (Refer to precode problem slip in Appendix E.) By finding the intersection of each industry entry with each occupation entry (in this case for females) in Table 8, the cell frequencies can be filled in. (Refer to Table 1). Industry 178 179 Occupation 364 212 307 391 1070 2408 The table shows that the greatest number of employees appears in the category (179/391). These codes are then assigned to the job entry. SPECIAL ALLOCATION PROCEDURES There were a number of instances where special procedures had to be used for determining the correct code. These measures were necessary either because the Alpha Index did not list an industry or occupation title corresponding to the industry or occupation description provided by the respondent or because the Occupation by Industry manual collapsed titles from the Alpha Index into a single category. The procedures listed below were followed when either of these two problems was encountered. ------Large machinery (mfg.)-An industry response of "large machinery (mfg.)" is not listed in the Alpha Index. A code-was derived by allocating over the following categories: "Engines and turbines" (177), "Farm machinery and equipment" (178), "Construction and material handling machines (179), "Metalworking machinery" (187), and "Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c." (197). ------Heavy equipment (mfg.)-"Heavy equipment (mfg.)" is not listed in the Alpha Index and was allocated across "Farm machinery and equipment" (178) and "Construction and material handling machines" (179). ------Machine parts (mfg.)- There is no code for an industry entry of "machine parts" when the type of machine parts is not specified. The following categories were used for the allocation: "machine castings, aluminum" (148), "machine castings, nonferrous, except aluminum" (149), "machine guards" (158), "screw machine parts" (159), "stamped metal machine parts" (167), and "machine attachments" (187). ------"Electric light and power" and "electric-gas utilities"-Industry listings of "Electric light and power" utilities (467) and "Electric gas utilities" (468) in the Alpha Index are collapsed into the category "Electric light and power and electric-gas utilities" in Table 8. Therefore, when an industry response could not clearly be coded either 467 or 468 the problem could not be resolved by allocating. Instead, that industry code which seemed more appropriate given the occupation title was selected. ------Primary and Secondary School Teachers- Occasionally, a respondent indicated that he/she was a public school teacher but either did not specify whether he/she was a primary or secondary teacher or said that he/she was teaching both primary and secondary levels. The Alpha Index distinguishes between primary school teachers (N) and secondary school teachers (144). However, in Table 8 of the Occupation by Industry manual these two categories are collapsed into one category, "Elementary and secondary school teachers". Thus, a response of either "teacher" or "teacher, grades 1-12" with no specified subject was coded as elementary teacher (N), while a response of "teacher" or "teacher, grades 1-12" with a specified subject was coded secondary teacher (144). ------Secretary- The frequency for the occupation "secretary" (Q) for any given industry in Table 8 included the frequencies for "legal secretaries" and for "medical secretaries". Since the frequencies for legal secretaries and medical secretaries are also listed separately, these frequencies were subtracted from the total frequency for "secretaries" when the occupation entry in the interview was "secretary". ------College professors- Although the Alpha Index lists distinct codes for college professors depending on the subject taught, Table 8 lists only "Teachers, college and university". Thus, when a respondent taught more than one college or university subject his occupational response could not be allocated. Instead, the occupation code assigned depended on the subject mentioned first. ------Working without pay- Some industry and occupation categories in Table 8 are divided into "salaried" and "self-employed". If a respondent gave his class of worker as "working without pay in a family business or farm", this was taken to be a salaried position for purposes of allocating. ------Too little information- Sometimes an industry or occupation entry was so general that it was not possible to list codes for an allocation. For example, an occupation entry of "worked in a Post Office" was assigned code 999 (insufficient information) since coders are not knowledgeable about all of the possible Post Office jobs. CODING JOB ASPIRATIONS The following questions were designed to elicit the respondent's own job aspirations and his/her aspirations for a randomly selected child. Respondent's job aspirations: Q. 48 If you were free to choose, what kind of work would you like to be doing 10 years from now? OR _______________________ /Same/ /Not working/ /Housewife/ (KIND OF WORK) 48a What kind of business or industry would that be in? 48b Would that be working for yourself or for someone else? /Self/ /Else/ Q. 89 Thinking back to your senior year in high school, what type of occupation did you hope eventually to enter? 89a What kind of business would that be in? Aspirations for a randomly selected child of the respondent: Q. 122 What type of occupation would you like (him/her) to go into? Q. 123 And what type of occupation do you think (he/she) will probably go into? These questions were never returned to the field for further clarification. Listed below are the various procedures and special codes relevant to the aspiration coding. -----In Q. 48 a class of worker response of "self" was coded 4 (self-employed, unincorporated), while "else" was coded 1 (private company). If the respondent answered "government employee", his answer was coded 1. -----Only occupation responses, responses of "don't know" (997), and responses of "no preference" (999) were coded by the precoders. The general coding staff coded entries of "same", "not working", and "housewife" in question 48, or such responses as "up to him" or "don't care" in questions 122 and 123. -----If more than one occupation or industry was given as a response, the first response was always coded. The only exceptions occurred when the first entry was not a codeable response. In these few cases, the second response was coded. -----If a response of "don't know" was followed by a codeable occupation or industry response, that occupation or industry was coded. -----If in questions 48 or 89 an occupation response was given but an industry response was either not given or was not codeable, and if a suggested or required industry code for that particular occupation was listed in the Alpha Index, that industry code was assigned. -----Responses to aspiration questions were frequently much less specific than were responses to other job items. This was especially true for questions 122 and 123. Sometimes these responses referred to a major occupational or industrial group rather than to an occupation or industry within a group. In these cases the allocation code for the major group was assigned. The following are examples of responses and the codes which were assigned to them. OCCUPATION ASSIGNED CODE professional 196 technical field 196 management 246 sales; selling 296 work with machines 586 -----Sometimes a specific occupation was given as a response, but it was not specific enough to be coded unambiguously. This occurred when there was more than one possible type or kind of a particular occupation listed in the Alpha Index. All such responses were allocated. (Such responses did not include industry information which could have been used in an allocation.) OCCUPATION ASSIGNED CODE ALLOCATION CODES nurse 075 (nurse, R.N.) 075 and 926 (nurse, practical) natural science 045 (chemist) 042 to 053 (life and physical scientists). science field 045 (chemist) 042 to 053 (life and physical scientists). and 091 to 095 (social scientists). engineer; engineering 012 (electrical and 006 to 022 (engineers). electronic engineers) for males 013 (industrial engineers) for females medical; medical 065 (physician) for males 061 to 072 (physicians, field; medical pro- 075 (nurse, R.N.) for dentists, and related fession; health field females practitioners), 074 to 076 (nurses, dietitians, and therapists), and 080 to 084 (health technologists and technicians) . coach 144 (secondary school 144, N (elementary teachers) school teachers) and 180 (athletes & kindred workers) counselor 056 (personnel and labor 174, 056, 101, 174, 100 relations workers) for males 100 (social workers) for females auto mechanic; S (automobile mechanics) S and 472 (automobile auto-motive work body repairmen) farmer; farming W (farmers--owners and 822, 823, W tenants) Two industry examples are the following. sales 698 (n.s. retail trade) 588 (n.s. wholesale trade) and 698. aerospace 227 (aircraft and parts) 207, 227, and 258 for males ordnance). 207 (radio, T.V., and communication equipment) for females -----Other entries similar to those mentioned above could be approached differently. If several codes for a given occupational title were listed in the Alpha Index, and if one of these codes corresponded to that same title in the Occupational Classification System that code was assigned. For example, in the Alpha Index there are two codes for "electrician": S and 430. The Occupational Classification System lists S as a code representing "automobile mechanics" while 430 represents "electricians". Code 430 would be assigned. Other examples: OCCUPATION ASSIGNED CODE librarian 032 radiologist 065 x-ray technician 083 pilot 163 teacher's aide 382 switchboard operator 385 woodworking R machinist 461 waitress Y nurses' aide 925 beautician 944 ----There were several entries like those mentioned above which could not be allocated because Table 8 in the OCCUPATION BY INDUSTRY manual did not make the necessary distinctions. An occupation entry of "teacher" was always coded N (elementary school teachers) rather than 144 since occupations represented by letter codes always had the greater number of employees. An entry of "teacher" followed by a specified subject was coded 144 (secondary school teacher). Codes for college and university teachers were never assigned unless the response clearly indicated that the respondent taught in a college or university. An entry of "butcher" was coded 633 (meat cutters, mfg.) rather than 631 (meat cutters and butchers, exc. mfg.). This decision was based on the greater number of listings in the Classified Index under code 633. -----Some occupation entries were not really occupational titles but were more or less commonly used expressions indicating specific occupations. These entries were assigned codes on a more or less intuitive basis. OCCUPATION ASSIGNED CODE legal field; law; 031 (lawyer) legal work medicine 065 (physician) marketing 091 (economist) research in human behavior 093 (psychologist) something in education N (elementary school teachers) banking 202 (banker) politics 222 (officials and administrators; public administration) builder 245 (managers and administrators, n.e.c.) -----Some occupation and industry entries were so general that it was not possible for the coder to figure out all of the possible codes for an allocation. These entries were assigned the code 999. OCCUPATION something with animals business agricultural field working with people electrical electronics aeronautics aviation building; building trade newspaper work go into father's/husband's business; in the business with his father bank work of some kind INDUSTRY electronics aviation --Certain occupation or industry entries had to be allocated but it was not necessarily clear which codes should be used. Below are listed the codes which were used. OCCUPATION ALLOCATION CODES computer 003, 004, 005, 153, 162, 343 INDUSTRY food; food field 298, 527, F, 629, 637, 638 automobile; automotive 219, 507, 639 paper company 328, 568 lumber 108, 569, 607 chemical 369, 508 heating and air conditioning B, 197, 537, 607 (These four codes were listed under both heating and air conditioning in the Alpha Index.) machine industry; machinery 198, 539, 608 -----Listed below are some common occupation-industry combinations and the codes which were assigned. OCCUPATION ASSIGNED CODES ALLOCATION CODES occ: forestry; conservation 025 ind: gov't.; conservation L L, 927, M occ: game warden 245 ind: not given occ: game warden 245 ind: game refuge 018 occ: game warden 222 for males and females ind: gov't. L for males; M L, 927, M for females occ: mechanic S ind. automotive company 757 749 and 757 occ: nursing 075 ind: medical J 828 to 848 occ: physician 065 for males and ind: medical clinic; med- females ical field; medical 828 for males; J 828 to 848 profession for females occ: medical technologist 080 ind: medical J 828 to 848 occ : something in medical 085 (medical research n.s.) ind: health field 848 and 897 occ: farm W ind: farm A occ: interior decorator 510 for males; 425 for females ind: not given c/w: not given occ: interior decorator 510 for males; 425 for females ind: interior decorating B for males; 667 for females c/w: else; not given 1 occ: interior decorator 245 for males and females ind: interior decorating B for males; 667 for females c/w: self 4 occ: policeman; police 964 work ind: police dept. M L, 927, M occ: science 045 ind: research 897 occ: supervisor 999 ind: not given occ: construction V (construction laborers) ind: construction 077 (n.s. construction) occ: social worker 100 ind: public agency; gov't. M L, 927, M occ: counselor 100 ind: mental health 878 occ: x-ray technician 083 ind: medical J Allocation procedures for job aspiration questions were identical to those procedures for the other job entries except that the above special codes were used when necessary. ARMED FORCES RANKS For military occupations, use the following codes, which do not appear in the 1970 Census O&I Classification: AFC Armed Forces Commissioned Officer AFM Armed Forces non-Commissioned Officer AFE Armed Forces Enlisted AFX Armed Forces no information on rank Following is a list of the specific titles for each category: AFC Armed Forces, Commissioned Officer Army & Air Force Warrant Officer 2nd Lt. 1st Lt. Captain Major Lt. Colonel Colonel Br. General Major General Lt. General General Navy Ensign J.G. Ensign S.G. Lt. J.G. Lt. S.G. Vice Commander Commander Captain Rear Admiral Vice Admiral Admiral Fleet Admiral AFN Armed Forces, non-Commissioned Officer Army, Marines, Air Force Sgt, Staff Sgt, Tech Sgt Master sgt Chief Msr. Sgt. Navy Petty officer Petty officer 2nd class Petty officer 1st class Chief Petty officer AFE Armed Forces, Enlisted Man Army & Marines Private (PFC) Corporal Lance Corporal "Spec's" 1-2-3-4-5-6 Navy Seaman apprentice Seaman Seaman first class Air Force Airman Airman 1st class AFX Armed Forces, no information on rank All occupations in the armed forces have an industry code of L. The following was the decision about military jobs in 1975. In coding military jobs in 1993, we will use the same guidelines. "-----Since the Alpha Index lists codes for civilian labor force occupations only, codes for Armed Forces occupations had to be devised. they were: AFC (Armed Forces, commissioned officer), AFN (Armed Forces, non-commissioned officer), AFE (Armed Forces, enlisted man) and AFX (Armed Forces, no information on rank), see Appendix F of Social Factors in Aspirations and Achievement: Occupation and Industry Coding Handbook 1974-1975. If a respondent specified a civilian job in addition to his rank in the Armed Forces, the Armed Forces code was assigned. All Armed Forces codes were preceded by an industry code of L (Federal Public Administration)." REFERENCES Featherman, David L., Michael Sobel, and David L. Dickens, Manual for Coding Occupations and Industries into Detailed 1970 Categories and a Listing of 1970-Basis Duncan Socioeconomic and NORC Prestige Scores, Working Paper 75-1, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, January, 1975. U.S. Bureau of Employment Security, Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Vol. 1, Third Edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Population Occupation by Industry, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1972.