Volume 28, Number 4 (Fall) 1993
Deolalikar, Anil B. 1993. "Gender Differences in the Returns to Schooling and School Enrollment Rates in Indonesia." Journal of Human Resources 28(4):899-932.
Earnings data on a nationally representative sample of Indonesian adults show that males have significantly lower returns to secondary and tertiary schooling than females. These differences are greatest at the level of Diploma 1 and vocational secondary education, but are still substantial for nonvocational secondary schooling and university education. The estimated returns to schooling are also greater for older cohorts than for younger cohorts, although the inter-cohort differences are identical for males and females. It appears that women in Indonesia have been acquiring secondary and tertiary education in relatively larger numbers than men in recent years, perhaps in response to the greater relative returns to female higher education. However, there is still a gap between males and female enrollments at the secondary and tertiary levels. The analysis in this paper does not show many strong and systematic gender differences in the effects of household and community characteristics on school enrollments.
Anil B. Deolalikar is a professor of economics at the University of Washington. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conference on Women's Human Capital and Development, Bellagio, Italy, May 18-22,1992. The author is grateful to Angus Deaton, Claudia Goldin, T. Paul Schultz, other conference participants, and to two anonymous referees for their useful comments and suggestions on the earlier draft. The data used in this article can be obtained from June 1994 through June 1997 from the author at the following address: Department of Economics, University of Washington, Savery Hall, 301/DK-30, Seattle, WA 98195.
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